History
and context:
From November 2-5, 2005 in Mar de Plata, Argentina over 250 delegates from across the continent joined with the host organizations of Argentina and the Mapuche Nation to convene an independent Continental Indigenous Summit of Indigenous Nations Pueblos and Organizations. In defense of the integrity of our Territories and Peoples, the Indigenous Nations of Abya Yala, acting in the spirit of Self Determination, gathered to challenge the agenda of the States meeting simultaneously at the Summit of the Presidents of the Organization of American States (OAS).
In spite of limited resources and overcoming many obstacles, the
Continental Indigenous Summit of Mar de Plata was a critical and necessary act
of independence, a clarification of political position and organizational stand
against the overt manipulation, cooptation and control by the States,
perpetrators of over 500 years of colonization.
Beginning in Ottawa, 2001 with
a continental gathering financed entirely by the Canadian government, the
process of blatant cooptation, manipulation, and control of the Indigenous
Peoples continental movement for Self Determination was exposed when Canada
attempted to utilize the Ottawa event to legitimize the promotion of the Free
Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA).
The strategy to place all
opposition to the neo-liberal globalization agreements such as the Free Trade
Area of the Americas (FTAA) within a pre-packaged and manageable framework was
given continuity by the Canadian government in late October 2005. At Buenos Aires, Argentina a “Continental
Indigenous Summit” was organized a week before and at a safe distance away from the Mar de Plata
Summit of the heads of state of the Americas.
The
primary goal of the Buenos Aires conference which was bought and paid for by
the Canadian government, was to define the context of the debate
regarding the political and economic future of the continent exclusively within
the framework of the agenda of the States.
''The United Nations, in the
last session of Human Rights in Geneva, recommended to the Canadian government
to make efforts to improve the lives of Native peoples who are the poorest of
the poor. Yet, the Canadian government has been successful in co-opting the
indigenous leadership by creating a well-paid Canadian Aboriginals bureaucracy
and is now trying to export this model to Latin America.''
Arthur Manuel, Shushwap
Nation British Columbia, Canada: Indigenous Network for Economies and Trade -
INET
Statement to the
Continental Indigenous Summit - Mar de Plata, Argentina November 2-5, 2005
An so on the 4th of November at Mar de Plata over 300 Indigenous
Peoples of the hemisphere joined with the 60 thousand participants of the
Peoples Summit of the Americas marching to protest the neo-liberal
globalization policies and presence of US President George W. Bush.
Calling for the implementation of the specific and applicable
procedures under international law for DECOLONIZATION
of the hemisphere, the independent Summit
of the Indigenous Nations Pueblos gathered at Mar de Plata, Argentina, and acting upon the principle that self
definition is the precept of self-determination, proclaimed to the world the
following declaration:
CONTINENTAL SUMMIT
OF
INDIGENOUS NATIONS PUEBLOS
AND ORGANIZATIONS
MAPUCHE TERRITORIES,
MAR DEL PLATA, ARGENTINA
November 2-4, 2005
DECLARATION
PREAMBLE
We the Indigenous
Peoples and Organizations of the Continent of Abya Yala (America), meeting in the
ancestral territory of the Mapuche People at Mar del Plata, Argentina from the
second to the fourth of November, first invoking the cosmovision of our elders
and following the path drawn by them, in a framework of unity and harmony among
us and with our mother nature, we emit the following words:
Whereas,
We
are the representatives of more than 50 million Indigenous women and men of
this continent; we are Nations that predate the existing States, and therefore
we claim the recognition of our Right of Self-determination as Peoples that we
may decide our own independent forms of political organization and define our
own processes of economic, social and cultural development.
Whereas,
For
500 years the Indigenous Peoples have been victims of the assault of genocide,
colonization, and discrimination that are the instruments of imperial
ideologies and policies that have systematically violated our fundamental
rights. Across the hemisphere, any meaningful dialogue between Indigenous
Peoples and the States and national society must take into account the
collective and historic nature of these our inherent rights as Indigenous Peoples.
Whereas,
At
this time we are witnesses to the ways in which domination and repression
toward our peoples continues through tactics of political and economic
globalization. In these times, economic exploitation and pillaging of our
territories and resources continue in benefit of both national and
transnational companies and bureaucratic elites.
Whereas,
Under
the imposition of antiterrorist laws of some States repression has increased,
as has murder and incarceration of our traditional authorities and leaders with
the aim of impeding the recognition and the exercise of our fundamental rights.
We condemn the political and judicial persecution of the States and national
and transnational corporations intended to silence the voice of our Indigenous
Peoples who are demanding their right to a life with dignity.
Whereas,
Without
any legitimate justification vast areas of the continent are being militarized,
especially by the United States of America, with the aim of politically
controlling natural resources, many of which are in Indigenous territories.
Whereas,
The
creation of the multilateral organizations of the States in our hemisphere,
such as the United Nations and the Organization of American States, are carried
out without the participation of the Indigenous Peoples, and that therefore
these organizations have a moral, material, and historical obligation and debt
to the Indigenous Peoples of Abya Yala and the entire world.
Whereas,
For
the Indigenous Peoples, our territories, lands and resources are fundamental
for the continued development of our cultures; they represent and are
interrelated with our spirituality, culture, customs, traditions, medicines,
food security, and the very life itself of our Peoples.
Whereas,
Indigenous
Peoples are the first affected by the policies that the States are pushing to
promote supposed “development”. Yet these policies, such as the push for
agrarian reform, mining, hydroelectric projects, oil, and infrastructure
construction industries have not produced development but have instead promoted
the invasion of our territories, the destruction of our forests, the predatory
extraction of our soil and subsoil resources, the pollution of the environment,
resulting in the impoverishment and genocide of our people. At the same time,
we must recognize that the borders and territorial limits imposed by the States
have divided our families, communities, Nations and Peoples, attacking our
collective and individual integrity as preexisting Nations and Pueblos.
Whereas,
Contrary to improving the situation of our peoples of
Abya Yala, the representatives of the States gathered in the IV Summit of the
Americas continue to discuss economic policies that will deepen the existing
systematic marginalization and discrimination through agreements like the North
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the Puebla-Panama plan (PPP), the South
American Regional Initiative, and the Free Trade Area of the Americas (ALCA),
among others. These economic agreements
are instruments to benefit powerful States as well as national and
transnational corporations, to the detriment of our Indigenous Peoples and
society as a whole. Further, such agreements decided by the States are contrary
to regional and international legal instruments of Indigenous Peoples’ Human
Rights that these same States themselves are committed to protecting and
guaranteeing but yet systematically break.
Whereas,
Any
true, pluralistic and inclusive democracy must first undergo the recognition of
the collective rights of the Indigenous Peoples at a national and international
level; to be valid, the full and effective participation in all development
plans must be submitted to our Nation-Pueblos for free, previous and informed consent.
Whereas,
In
terms of the objectives of the Fourth Summit of the Americas which focus only
on job creation as a way to eliminate poverty and strengthen effective
governance, we now manifest our concern and rejection to this policy as being contrary to the pluricultural,
multiethnic, and multilingual nature of our societies in violation of our right
to economic self-determination.
Whereas,
In
order to promote the so-called democracy and effective governance of the
continent, the States of Abya Yala should commit to eliminating the external
debt and reject all economic policies and structures that oppress Indigenous
Peoples for being the cause of our Peoples’ current situation of poverty and
marginalization.
Whereas,
Based
on the text of the Sub-commission, we call for the prompt adoption by the OAS
and the UN of the Declaration of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights as being absolutely
necessary. This demand was recently adopted by the Heads of State and
Government during the High Level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly of the
United Nations in its fifty-ninth session, in which it consolidates the term
Indigenous Peoples and reaffirms “… our
commitment to continue making progress in the advancement of the human rights
of the world’s Indigenous Peoples at the local, national, regional and
international levels, including through consultation and collaboration with
them, and to present for adoption a final draft United Nations declaration on
the rights of Indigenous Peoples as soon as possible.”
BASED ON THE
ABOVE, WE HEREBY INSIST AND PROCLAIM:
1. We
Indigenous Peoples have our own vision of development that is based on
criteria of solidarity among human beings and a profound respect for mother
earth. We are not in agreement with
the dominant concept and economic model, which is based on exploitation of
humans by humans and of nature in general. Therefore, we reject the vision and
the economic model currently promoted by the States, in which they only aspire
to create employment in order to fight poverty and strengthen democratic
governance, while violating human rights and destroying our environment and
ecosystems. Such a vision will only continue to worsen the pillaging of our
territories and natural resources, leading to more aggression against our
rights of autonomy.
2. We reject the concept of poverty promoted by
the summit of the OAS States, because it does not take into account our
cosmovision and Ways of Life. For the Indigenous Peoples, the concept of
poverty does not focus only on an economic perspective, but rather takes on an
integral and holistic dimension. For our peoples, maintaining out territorial
rights, rights to land and resources, guarantees our continuance as Peoples and
our integral and sustained development. This has been reaffirmed by the States
in the 59th session of the General Assembly of the United Nations: “To
recognize that the sustainable development of Indigenous Peoples and their
communities is crucial in our fight against hunger and poverty.”
3. We categorically reject the opening and
commodification of our territories, lands, and natural resources to national
and international markets as a way to fight poverty. Currently, these types of
development projects translate into the heartless exploitation of our resources.
As a consequence, the States must recognize the negative impact that such
projects and actions of supposed development generate in the lives and cultures
of our Peoples.
4. The States and national and multi-national
corporations continue to deprive us of our means and resources for subsistence;
there must be an embargo of allocating concessions for the existing natural
resources in our traditional lands and territories without our free, previous, and informed consent.
5. The proposals to strengthen democratic
governance in our continent with only partial and discriminatory measures in
violation of the Human rights of Indigenous Peoples makes the so called “free
market” an instrument of oppression in favor of national and transnational
corporations.
THEREFORE, WE
INDIGENOUS DELEGATES DEMAND AND DECLARE:
FIRST: That the States
recognize the Indigenous Peoples’ Right
of Self-Determination and that, in virtue of this right, we can freely and
independently decide our own Political Condition and likewise promote our own
Economic, Social and Cultural Development.
SECOND: That the States
officially recognize the pluri-cultural, multiethnic, and multilingual
character of their societies, in order to combat institutionalized
discrimination, racism, intolerance and exclusion.
THIRD: That the States fully
recognize, respect and guarantee the property rights of our Indigenous Peoples
over our territories, lands, and natural resources which we have traditionally
and historically used, occupied or possessed, or acquired by other means, as
inherent collective rights of the Indigenous Peoples which are undeniable,
inalienable, and undiminished and indomitable.
FOURTH: That the States,
together with Indigenous Peoples, delimit, demarcate and establish title for
the lands territories and resources of the Indigenous Peoples, fully respecting
the Indigenous normative systems of jurisprudence within a framework of
international judicial pluralism.
FIFTH: That the government
organisms of the Inter-american system recognize, respect and protect the
cultural patrimony and intellectual property of the Indigenous Peoples, with
full respect for the Indigenous normative systems.
SIXTH: That the States
recognize, respect and support Indigenous Peoples’ medicinal and traditional
health practices, including the right to the protection of plants, animals and
minerals that are of vital interest, from the medical point of view. Also, the
States must guarantee access, without any discrimination, to all of the health
institutions, services and medical attention, with particular attention to the
needs of Indigenous People who may be disabled.
SEVENTH: That the States
recognize and effectively comply in their constitutions, laws and institutions,
the Rights of our Indigenous Peoples, in particular our ways of living, as an
effective mechanism for eradicating poverty, marginalization, and social,
economic, and political exclusion.
EIGHTH: That the American
States adopt, together with the Indigenous representatives and delegates, the
American Declaration of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in the context of the
organization of American States (OAS) as a way to strengthen peace and
coexistence between Peoples on this continent.
NINTH: That the States of
the Americas and the world promptly approve the Universal Declaration of
Indigenous Peoples’ Rights within the framework of the United Nations (UN),
based on the text approved by the sub-commission.
TENTH: That the States
ratify and effectively comply with International Labor Organization - ILO
Convention 169 as it concerns the rights of Indigenous and Tribal peoples in
independent countries.
ELEVENTH: That the States
implement measures and effective actions to end the systematic violations of
the human rights of Indigenous women, boys and girls, especially in situations
where there is armed conflict.
TWELFTH: That the States
implement measures and effective actions to avoid militarization and to
demilitarize the lands and territories of the Indigenous Peoples, as well as
the application of effective sanctions to punish illegal armed groups,
paramilitary units, and other entities that have been used by the States to
attack our communities.
THIRTEENTH: That the States
guarantee and respect the free transit of the Indigenous Persons and families
of the Indigenous lands and territories traversed by state and national
borders.
FOURTEENTH: That the States of
the Americas and their appropriate organisms implement concrete measures and
actions to resolve and to put an end to judicial and political processes of
oppression initiated against the Indigenous community and civil society
authorities and leaders.
FIFTEENTH: That the States of
the Americas, together with the Indigenous Peoples, formulate and implement
fora and instances for dialogue and interaction with Indigenous Peoples within
a framework of the Inter-american systems of governance.
SIXTEENTH: We call on the
Indigenous Peoples and organizations of Abya Yala to go forward in a spirit of
union and solidarity. In this context, we manifest our special solidarity with
all of the Indigenous Peoples that are fighting to defend and implement their
collective and historic rights, such as is the case of our Zapatista brothers
and sisters in Mexico and others whose traditional lives, cultures and borders
are under assault by external forces.
SEVENTEENTH: In order to
strengthen and cultivate brotherly relationships, cooperation and solidarity
among us, we make a special appeal for the creation of a Network of Indigenous Peoples and Organizations of Abya Yala for
Indigenous Rights that will allow us to have permanent systematic and
effective interaction and relationship on a continental level.
Issued from Mapuche
Territories, Mar del Plata, Argentina, November 2, 2005
! Another America is
Possible !
! Never again an
America without the Indigenous Peoples !
Actions of Implementation
Continental Indigenous
Summit
Mar de Plata,
Argentina November 2-3-4, 2005
ISUUE: GOVERNMENT STATES
The United Nations and the Organization of American States - OAS
ACTION: To implement the initiatives of DECOLONIZATION, at the dimension of our
continent Abya Yala, obligated the procedures under international law indicated
by resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly 1514 and 1541, among others.
ISSUE: CIVIL SOCETY
ACTION: To call for the commitment of support from
the social justice movements of the continent for the global campaign of the
Indigenous Peoples in demand of annulment of the Papal Bull Inter Cetera of
1493 (Doctrine of Discovery)
ISSUE: CONTINENTAL UNION of Indigenous Nations
ACTION: Historical Clarification
The Continental Indigenous
Summit Mar de Plata 2005 is the continuation of a process and millennial
tradition of Continental Union of Indigenous Nations, the Confederation of the Eagle and the Condor, which was regenerated at
Quito, Ecuador in 1990 at the First
Continental Encounter of Indigenous Peoples. The Second
Continental Encounter of Indigenous Nations, Pueblos and Organizations was
hosted in México at Temoaya, in 1993.
These two continental encounters served as the foundation for the First International Indigenous Summit realized
at Teotihuacan, México in 2000.
The Second Continental Summit
Abya Yala took place in 2004, once again at Quito, Ecuador.
ACTION: Call to Cultural Uprising
It is proclaimed from this
Continental Indigenous Summit a call for a movement of CULTURAL UPRISING by the Indigenous
Peoples of all urban areas of the continent, in accord with the principles
of the Declaration of Mar De Plata, 2005.
NAHUACALLI, Embassy of Indigenous Peoples
C/o TONATIERRA
P.O. Box 24009
Phoenix, AZ 85074
Email: chantlaca@tonatierra.org
www.tonatierra.org
NAHUACALLI, Embassy of Indigenous Peoples
C/o TONATIERRA
P.O. Box 24009
Phoenix, AZ 85074
Email: chantlaca@tonatierra.org
www.tonatierra.org
To the Secretariat of the
Continental Indigenous Summit
Mar de Plata, Argentina November 2, 2005
The Legend of Truth and the
Doctrines of Power
MAY IT BE KNOWN:
Amixpanzinco,
Amixtlamatqueh,
Good greetings. We take this opportunity to deliver the
attached documentation regarding the agenda of responsibilities which are of
priority to the Indigenous Nation Pueblos gathered in Summit in Mar de Plata,
Argentina November 1-4, 2005.
We stood by the Sacred Fire in
Quito, Ecuador in 1990 at the First
Continental Encounter of Indigenous Pueblos and Nations and recall the
mutual commitments made under the principles embodied under our ancient ethics
of International Indigenous Law. These are the traditional systems of
jurisprudence, of tradition and liberation, which emerge from the essential
fundamentals of the sacred inter-relationship of all life, and the obligations
of we who are the earth children of the Continental
Confederation of the Eagle and the Condor.
We were at the Second Continental Encounter of Indigenous
Nations and Pueblos in 1993 in Temoaya, Mexico and returned to Teotihuacan,
Mexico in the year 2000 for the First
Continental Summit of Indigenous Nations, Pueblos and Organizations
convened by the Continental Council of Indigenous Nations and Organizations -
CONIC. From July 21-25, 2004 we attended the II Continental Summit Abya Yala in Quito, Ecuador where the accords
of the previous First Continental Summit of Teotihuacan 2000 were once again
validated and reasserted before the Sacred Fire of the altar of the Continent.
These mutual commitments are given expression by the Treaty of Teotihuacan, a
mutual commitment at the continental level among the Indigenous Nation Pueblos
with four aspects:
Spiritual Alliance
Political Solidarity
Cultural Understanding
Commercial and Economic Agreements of Exchange and Development -
Pochtecayotl
And so we stand today once
again among our relatives of the great and humble family of Indigenous Nation
Pueblos of our mother continent Abya Yala in summit at Mar de Plata. May the Creator continue to guide our
footsteps, as we leave a trail for the future generations.
The previous assertion of the
sequence of continental gatherings from Quito 1990, Temoaya 1993, Teotihuacan
2000, back to Quito in 2004 and now Mar de Plata is not meant to be
controversial: it is history. It is our
history, related not from within the manipulative context of the government
states or the "compra-cumbres" crowd: it is our story, the legend of a continent emerging from centuries of
genocide and colonization.
In
fulfillment of these sacred obligations and the mutual commitments made under
the Treaty of Teotihuacan at the First Continental Indigenous Summit of
Indigenous Nations and Pueblos, we now submit the following for discussion and
action before the Continental Indigenous
Summit Mar de Plata, Argentina.
Issue: Self Determination and Decolonization
A basic issue for the
Indigenous Nation Pueblos of the continent Abya Yala (the Americas) continues
to be the discrepancy of the eventual outcome of self determination for the
Indigenous Peoples as viewed from the perspective of the interests of the
government states and from within the cultural based cosmovision of the Nican Tlacah, the Indigenous Peoples themselves.
The elemental issues derive
from utterly divergent presentations of the relationship of human society to
territory, individually and collectively, as either government states or the
reality of the Nican Tlacah Indigenous Peoples and Nations. The jurisdiction of
the states is one of dominion and colonization, that of the Nican Tlacah is one
of inter-relationship and reciprocity. As evidenced by the Global Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA), recently commissioned and completed by the United Nations, the
reality of the Indigenous Peoples relationship of territoriality is
increasingly recognized scientifically at a global level as being the best hope
for humanity to achieve homeostasis within the environment of the world’s
ecosystems.
Any political
position on self determination, whether by the government states or the Nican
Tlacah will inevitably be determined within the context of the sum of global
ecological systems as sets of parameters, including humanity itself as a
subsystem among all these relationships.
In
terms of the continent Abya Yala, (the Americas) a centuries old Doctrine of Denial takes its place
among a regime of genocidal policies that is centuries in the making and
continues till today. Beginning with the Papal
Bull Inter Cetera of 1493, continuing with the present militarily enforced Monroe Doctrine and now projected under
the Free Trade Area of the Americas,
the Doctrine of Denial is insidious for presenting to the world’s Peoples a
denial of the very processes of history in terms of recognition and self
determination for the Indigenous Nation Pueblos of our continent.
In view of the above, we now propose that:
A special session of the Decolonization Committee of the United
Nations under section 73(e) of the
United Nations Charter must be held in order to evaluate the above
mentioned Doctrines of Power in
light of the Spirit of Truth, and under the criteria of evaluation established
by United Nations General Assembly
Resolution 1514 "Right of Self Determination" and GA 1541 which outlines the processes
and criteria for identifying and rectifying the crime of colonization under the norms of international law of the
member states of the United Nations system.
An finally, we propose that in
the process of undertaking such an initiative, namely the implementation of the
processes of DECOLONIZATION for the
Indigenous Nation Pueblos and territories of our continent Abya Yala, without
which any declaration of self determination would be of only limited rhetorical
value in the practical sense of International Law, special attention be given
to the establishment by the United Nations of the regional organization of the Organization of American States OAS
itself, as yet another example of the usurpation and violation of the Right of
Self Determination in our hemisphere by establishing yet another regime of
political representation on our territories in our continent without our
participation or consent and in violation of GA 1514, as evidenced under GA
1541.
Respectfully submitted, Tlahtokan Nahuacalli
Izkalotlan, Aztlan
Respectfully submitted, Tlahtokan Nahuacalli
Izkalotlan, Aztlan
NAHUACALLI
Embassy of Indigenous Peoples
c/o TONATIERRA P.O. Box 24009 Phoenix, AZ 85074 Tel: (602) 254-5230
Email: tonal@tonatierra.org
www.tonatierra.org
Embassy of Indigenous Peoples
c/o TONATIERRA P.O. Box 24009 Phoenix, AZ 85074 Tel: (602) 254-5230
Email: tonal@tonatierra.org
www.tonatierra.org
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