by Aucan Huilcaman
From Abya Yala News V.8; N.4 (Winter 1994), 23-24.
I read with interest the "Declaration of Barbados
III" reprinted in the last issue of Abya Yala News (Vol:8 no.3). Considering
the breadth of material included in the declaration, I will only comment on the
portion of that document which begins with suggestions to the governing Latin
American states, the United Nations and its various specific bodies such as the
OIT, UNESCO, UNDP, and FMI. Second, I also want to comment on the declaration's
final section related to the self-determination of Indigenous peoples and the
nationally constituted states.
We are in agreement in relation to the identification and
historical analysis of factors which have made the political and cultural
oppression of Indigenous peoples possible, as well as the views on ideological,
political, religious, and economic colonialism and neocolonialism.
However, the declaration's call to the Latin American
governing states seems misplaced. The states are fully aware of the reality in
which we Indigenous peoples live. They know that this reality has been
constructed by force and violence. The denial of our physical and cultural
existence produced by the political constitutions and legal systems responds to
the homogenizing nature of the governing states, and is the result of organized
political decisions, not of coincidence or circumstance.
The promises which Latin America's governing states have
made through documents in summits such as those held in Mexico and Spain
respond to Indigenous peoples' undeniable reality, but these resolutions are
very far from being implemented in practice. In the meeting in Spain, the
governments promised to establish a Development Fund for Indigenous Peoples of
Latin America and the Caribbean. Now, when Indigenous peoples petition the fund
for economic assistance, they are told that the fund has no resources and that
it is only a negotiating table between some international organizations and
Indigenous communities. In order to legitimize their actions, they have
established an an oversight council with Indigenous representation. However,
Indigenous delegates have to be acreditted by each country's chancellor. They
call this "democratic participation," but it is nothing more than
state colonialism under the guise of recognition and democracy.
Similarly, the governing states came to a set of agreements
at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. If we try to verify compliance
with these agreements, we do not find any concrete means in the legal,
political or economic arenas to ensure better administration of natural
resources. It is easier to identify the thousands of hectares of land,
mountains, rivers, and lakes which have been destroyed and contaminated.
Undoubtedly, as it has become impossible to evade the Indigenous reality, the
governing states will make a declaration regarding Indigenous peoples whenever
they hold a continental meeting, but in no case does this imply compliance with
their promises.
I believe that any demands or exhortations require
precision. We Indigenous peoples are fighting for the recognition of our
rights, rooted in our historical and political condition as a people, with all
powers in the areas of rights, ideology, politics, and culture which this
implies, such as the restitution of fundamental rights and freedoms such as
free-determination and the restitution of ancestral lands. These conditions are
precede any form of recognition, otherwise, the states will continue to
determine the framework for recognition and relations between Indigenous
peoples and the governing states.
I consider out of context the call to the United Nations and
its various special bodies, as if these were something separate from the
constitution, control, and intervention of the governing states. It is time to
state what the United Nations is and what it truly represents. The United
Nations does not exist; what truly exists are "Concerted States"
which are simply institutional structures with a legal, political and
ideological base and with defined interests. Taking into account that the
ideological base and sustenance of a nation is fundamentally cultural. It is no
longer possible to contend that the "states are politically-organized
nations." States in America (Wallmapu in the Mapuche language) have no
corresponding socio-cultural reality. Therefore, the United Nations are the
same governing states that have been constructed without taking into account
the cultural diversity of the continent.
The ILO (International Labor Organization), UN Development
Program and UNICEF are not independent of the United Nations or of the
governing states. Thus, their actions are not autonomous. All of their plans,
programs, and projects require governmental approval. It is sufficient that an
Indigenous organization comes into conflict with the state in the process of
their struggle, for these organizations to limit the help they give.
Relating to the declaration's statement, "We believe it
necessary to approve the Charter of Indigenous Peoples Rights promoted by the
UN," it is worth mentioning that after thirteen years of discussion
between members of the UN Working Group and Indigenous representatives, the
governments are not willing to recognize fundamental rights such as
free-determination and the restitution of ancestral territories.
Free-determination is a right prior to, or conditional for, enjoyment of the
other rights. Before demanding prompt ratification of this legal instrument, it
is essential to be sufficiently informed of the fundamental rights that
Indigenous peoples are defending in the various spaces available to us, as well
as positions taken by the states in relation to these rights. Without
incorporating these conditions, new forms of domination could spring from
international law, even as it is framed as the recognition of Indigenous
peoples and their rights. During the Working Groups' final session (July 25-29,
1994), they did not permit revision of the declaration, and merely received
Indigenous representatives "comments," thereby preventing full
recognition of the conflict between Indigenous rights and the states.
The right to free-determination, formulated by the
Indigenous peoples, shows the divide between the historical legitimacy of
Indigenous peoples' inalienable rights and the legality that sustains the
states. The Indigenous people maintain with all our conviction that the states,
do not have more rights than we do, nor have we authorized them to invoke our
exclusive rights, nor intervene in our peoples' future.
Since the declaration also calls on the International Labor
Organization (ILO) and refers to its Covenant 169, I have to comment that this
Covenant reflects the state-governments' politics of juridical colonialism as
well as that of the UN's agencies. Although the Covenant recognizes us as
peoples, it simultaneously rejects the rights that stem from this recognition,
so that it remains purely symbolic. The Covenant's most significant element
lies in providing Indigenous people the right to "consultation and
participation." However, this right becomes ineffective when we remain
politically oppressed by the states. Indigenous consent in this context is
relative. At the UN World Conference on Human Rights in June of 1993 where I
served as spokesperson for the Indigenous representatives, we stated "We
call on the States to ratify Covenant 169 of the ILO provided that the
Indigenous peoples are in agreement. We understand this instrument as the first
step to establish new and better relations between the states and the
Indigenous peoples."
In reference to the international development and financial
organizations such as the World Bank, IMF, Interamerican Development Bank, it
should be noted that the development they have imposed is unilateral, and has
assaulted Indigenous cultural identities and the economies of reciprocity.
These are the same organizations that approved projects for construction of
hydroelectric dams and other such endeavors within Indigenous territories, for
example, the hydroelectric dams on the River Bio-Bio within Pehuenche Mapuche
lands. Any invitation to change policies made to these institutions is very far
from being met, especially since they respond to the interests of the
governments and are not independent bodies.
The declaration ends referring to the democratization of
Latin America, of geopolitical reorganization, and the recognition of the
Indigenous territories. I reiterate that we are in agreement on this: it
continues, however, with a call for recognition of Indigenous rights "in a
framework of a self-determination compatible with, and complementary to the
sovereignty of national states.. I am not sure if I should conclude that in
this passage the declaration presents a set of contradictions barely compatible
with the previous analysis, or whether it is the political orientation of the
signatory organization. Whatever the case, I will emphasize the implications
this essential aspect has for possible solutions and new relationships between
Indigenous peoples and states.
It is incongruent to propose the compatibility Indigenous
self-determination and the sovereignty of the nationally constituted states.
It's worth reiterating that Indigenous people are fighting for free
determination and not self-determination. These concepts have different
meanings and implications in the legal, political, ideological, historical, and
cultural fields. Indigenous peoples have yet to determine whether we want to
develop ourselves within or outside of the structures of the so-called nation-states.
Furthermore, as I pointed out above, nation-states don't exist. What exists are
state-governments. The homogenizing and unilateral nature of the
state-governments is what maintains the lack of cultural understanding and
social intolerance. Complementarity with the States as they are is impossible.
It will only be possible when both institutions recognize each other
reciprocally under the basic principle that neither is more valid than the
other, and that each system of organization is the most adequate for its own
culture.
Aucan Huilcaman is Werken, or spokesperson, for the Mapuche
organization Aukin Wallmapu Ngulam-Council of All the Lands in Southern Chile.
